Ample research on how the coronavirus spreads shows masks are crucial protection

 

Scientific evidence is clear: Social distancing and wearing a mask help prevent people from spreading COVID-19, and masks also protect wearers from being infected themselves, two UC Davis Health experts said on UC Davis LIVE: COVID-19.

Along with preventing someone from transmitting the coronavirus, a range of new research shows that the risk of infection to the wearer is decreased by 65%, said Dean Blumberg, chief of pediatric infectious diseases at UC Davis Children’s Hospital.

“On the issue of masks, I’d like to restart because we’ve learned a lot,” Blumberg said. “We’ve learned more due to research and additional scientific evidence. What we know now is that masks work and are very important.”

Blumberg and William Ristenpart, a professor of chemical engineering in the UC Davis College of Engineering, answered questions from viewers on a July 2 UC Davis LIVE devoted to explaining how the virus spreads and how to prevent transmission.

The point they made over and over was that research continues to support the fundamental methods to prevent spreading COVID-19: Wear masks, maintain social distance, keep social interactions outdoors whenever possible.

Transmission by droplets

There are two primary methods of transmission, they said. First is via droplets a carrier expels, which are about one-third the size of a human hair but still large enough that we can see them. They fly through the air until gravity pulls them down. The maximum distance of that flight is about 6 feet, which is why social distancing is so important.

Masks create an effective barrier against droplets – protecting both the wearer and people around them, they said.

“You’re being an irresponsible member of the community if you’re not wearing a mask. It’s like double dipping in the guacamole. You’re not being nice to others.”

— Dean Blumberg

“Everyone should wear a mask,” Blumberg said. “People who say ‘I don’t believe masks work’ are ignoring scientific evidence. It’s not a belief system. It’s like saying, ‘I don’t believe in gravity.’

“People who don’t wear a mask increase the risk of transmission to everyone, not just the people they come into contact with,” he said. “It’s all the people those people will have contact with. You’re being an irresponsible member of the community if you’re not wearing a mask. It’s like double dipping in the guacamole. You’re not being nice to others.”

Transmission by aerosol particles

The second major transmission method is via the aerosol particles we expel when we talk. Those are about 1/100th the size of a human hair and are more difficult to defend against. Social distancing and staying outdoors, where there is more air flow, are helpful, they said.

“They can become more concentrated indoors,” Ristenpart said. “That’s why you want to be outdoors for any social situations if possible. The good air flow will disperse the virus. If you are indoors, think about opening the windows. You want as much fresh air as possible.”

That’s why places like bars are particularly hazardous for aerosols, on top of the likelihood of minimal distancing. “The louder you speak, the more expiatory aerosols you put out,” he said.

Do store or office shields offer protection?

The plexiglass shields in stores and restaurants only help somewhat. The same is true for office cubicles. But after a lengthy time, transmission is possible from aerosols if the air flow is not good, they said.

“The way to think about that is to think about smells,” Ristenpart said. “If the person on the other side of a cubicle or plexiglass is wearing perfume, eventually, you’ll smell it. That’s why air flow is so important, along with other actions like wearing masks and social distancing.”

Time of exposure matters

“If you’re going past someone very quickly in a grocery store,” Blumberg said, “the risk of getting infected is very low. It’s really lingering and talking that does it.”

“It’s really important to know,” Ristenpart said, “that just because you’re standing 6 feet or 7 feet away, if you have a prolonged conversation, there is still a risk.”

Surface contact is less of a threat than originally thought – but still wash your hands

There is no precise research on the prevalence of transmission from hand contact, although both scientists advised caution.

“For ethical reasons, we can’t contaminate a bunch of people’s hands, then have them touch their faces or other people’s faces,” Ristenpart said. “But backtracking infections and following transmission events shows surfaces or hand contacts are not a primary method.”

But what researchers do know points to transmissions mostly from droplets or aerosol particles.

“We know from other coronaviruses that this is primarily a respiratory transmitted illness,” Blumberg said. “There is a very small chance of transmission via groceries or mail or things like that. But washing hands is still always good.”

He said wearing a mask also reduces the chances of becoming infected through contact because they help stop people from touching their faces.

Children and COVID-19

Children are less likely – by half – to be infected if they are exposed, less likely to be symptomatic and less likely to have a severe case if they do get sick, Blumberg said. Tracking by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that less than 1% of the COVID-19 deaths in the U.S. have been people under age 35.

“Children appear to be less likely to infect others,” he said. “This is different from other infections like the flu when they are carriers. This appears to be much more of an adult disease. But children can still get sick and can still transmit it to others, so it’s important to be as hygienical with them as their development allows.”

Connecting the research

An international team of researchers published an analysis of the effects of social distancing, masks and other measures on COVID-19 on June 1 in The Lancet. It is here.

Both scientists said the evidence has become even more powerful for wearing masks and social distancing. For instance, research shows that about 30% of infections are caused by people who don’t know they have COVID-19 because their symptoms have not appeared yet.

“So we don’t know who might spread it,” Blumberg said. “We do know social distancing reduces the risk of transmitting the virus by 90%, and wearing masks decreases the risk by 65%.

“Wearing a mask affects everyone,” he said. “If you care about your family or friends, or if you care about your community, wear a mask.”

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